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This Page
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 CITATION
and reference styles vary across disciplines. This page describes
formats that you should use in sociology papers (but
maybe not elsewhere). These guidelines for common sorts of
citations are adapted from the American Sociological Association's
Style Guide (1997:20-24). The Style Guide is
available at the Skidmore Shop or in the department office
(217 Tisch Learning Center).
See
also Professor Scarce's Writing
Tips available on-line.
Printed
Sources
Citations
of books, articles, and other printed sources present the
last name of the authors and year of publication. Include
page numbers if you quote directly or refer to specific passages.
- If
an author's name is not in the text, enclose the last name
and publication year in parentheses (with no comma):
| .
. . as reported in a study of conservative mobilization
(McVeigh 1999). |
- If
an author's name is in the text, follow it with the publication
year in parentheses:
| .
. . as Brueggemann (2000a) suggests about the United
Auto Workers. |
- Pagination
follows year of publication after a colon (with no space
between the colon and page number):
| .
. . with regard to shameful penalties (Karp 1998:280-81). |
- Give
both names for two joint authors:
| .
. . in the United Autoworkers Union (Brueggemann and
Boswell 1998). |
- If
a work has three authors, cite all three last names in the
first citation; thereafter, use et al. in the citation:
First
citation: .
. . in community colleges (Blau, McVeigh, and Land
2000).
Later citations: .
. . (Blau et al. 2000). |
- If
the work has more than three authors, use et al.
in the first citation and in all subsequent citations:
First
citation: .
. . pay equity in New York (Berheide et al.
1986).
Later citations: .
. . concerning pay of state employees (Berheide et
al. 1986). |
Note:
Italicize et al.
- Quotations
in the text begin and end with quotation marks. The author,
date, and page numbers follow the end-quote and precede
the period:
A
recent study finds that the entanglement of race and
class "constitutes a potent and resilient stratification
system" (Brueggemann 2000a:2238 ).
Or
Brueggemann
and Boswell (1998) report that "adopting the
miners' formula included an openness to Communist
organizers to implement the policy" (p. 464). |
- Present
block quotations in a separate, indented paragraph without
quotation marks:
As
McVeigh (1999) concludes:
In
the 1860s, 1920s, and 1960s many Americans were
attracted to a social movement that displayed
the ugliest forms of racism and bigotry. The Ku
Klux Klan did not make these individuals racists
and bigots. They grew up that way. The Klan did
give them the language to articulate their newly
emerging economic and political grievances. Sadly,
the Klan's strategy has often been effective.
(P. 1492)
|
Note:
The author, date, and/or page number follows the period
in a block quote. In a block quote, the P for page is capitalized
when the page number is cited alone without the author and
date, as in the above example.
- Cite
chapters, tables, appendices, and so on like this:
.
. . among measures described by Fox (1997, chap. 7).
Or
.
. . according to data from a recent study (McVeigh
1999, table 1:1483). |
- For
institutional or governmental authorship, supply minimum
identification from the beginning of the complete citation:
| .
. . should use recommended citation formats (American
Sociological Association 1997:21). |
- If
a work you cite was reprinted from a version published earlier,
list the earliest publication date in brackets, followed
by the publication date of the recent version you have used:
| .
. . anxiety of new parents (Walzer [1996] 1998). |
- Separate
a series of references with semicolons:
| .
. . (Karp 1998; Berheide 1999; Clear and Karp 1999). |
Note:
You may list the series in either alphabetical or chronological
order, but be consistent throughout your paper.
- For
unpublished material, use "forthcoming" for items
scheduled for publication:
| .
. . in feminist approaches to power (Reger forthcoming). |
Unpublished
Papers, Lectures, etc.
- Cite
the author and date as with printed sources:
.
. . as Brueggemann (2000b) advised graduating seniors.
Or
.
. . found in matrilocal families (Berheide 1998).
|
Web
Sites
- Cite
the author or sponsor of the web site and date that web
material was retrieved:
| .
. . as described on the Skidmore College sociology
Web site (Skidmore College Sociology Web Site 2000).
|
Reference
List
The
reference list follows the text and footnotes in a separate
section headed "References." All references cited
in the text must be included under "References,"
and vice versa. List references in alphabetical order by authors'
last names.
Here
is the reference list for examples on this Web page:
|
References
|
|
American
Sociological Association. 1997. Style Guide.
2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
|
| Berheide,
Catherine White. 1998. "The Family." LS 1 Lecture
Series, November 5. Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs,
NY. |
| Berheide,
Catherine, et al. 1986. "Minorities and Pay Equity
in New York State Government Employment.". Working
Paper No. 17, Center for Women in Government, SUNY, Albany,
NY. |
| Blau,
Judith, Rory McVeigh, and Kenneth Land. 2000. "Expansion
of Two-Year Colleges: A Dynamic Multi-Level Model." Community
College Journal of Research and Practice. |
| Brueggemann,
John. 2000a. "The Power and Collapse of Paternalism:
The Ford Motor Company and Black Workers, 1937-1941."
Social Problems (47:220-40). |
| Brueggemann,
John. 2000b. "Skidmore College Commencement Address."
May 20. Saratoga Springs, NY. |
| Brueggemann,
John and Terry Boswell. 1998. "Realizing Solidarity."
Work and Occupations 25:436-82. |
| Fox,
William. 1997. Social Statistics. Bellevue, WA:
MicroCase. |
| Clear,
Todd R. and David R. Karp. 1999. The Community Justice
Ideal. Boulder, CO: Westview. |
| Karp,
David R. 1998. "The Judicial and Judicious Use of Shame
Penalties." Crime & Delinquency 44: 277-94. |
| McVeigh,
Rory. 1999. "Structural Incentives for Conservative
Mobilization." Social Forces 77:1461-496.
|
| Reger,
Joanne. Forthcoming. "Motherhood and the Construction
of Feminist Identities: Variations in a Women's Movement
Organization." Sociological Inquiry. |
| Skidmore
College Sociology Web Site. 2000. "Citations and
References in Sociology." June 21, 2000. (http://hudson2.skidmore.edu/academics/sociology/resources/writing_citation.html).
|
| Walzer,
Susan. [1996] 1998. "Thinking About the Baby: Gender and
Divisions of Infant Care." Reprinted in Robert Thompson
(ed.). The Essential Sociology Reader. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon. |
For
more examples of reference lists, see the ASA's Style Guide
(1997:33-37) or any recent issue of the American Sociological
Review. The February and August ASR issues have
a Notice to Contributors that is helpful with formats.)
Other
Guidelines
- Sociologists
do not use footnotes for citations.
- All
references cited in the text must be in the reference list,
and vice versa.
- Include
full names of all authors. Use first or middle name initials
only if the author used initials in the original publication.
- If
no date is available, use N.d. in place of the date.
- With
the exception of New York, include both the city and state
for place of publication. Use postal code abbreviations
for states (e.g., MA, NJ, Washington, DC). Provide the country's
name for foreign cities.
- If
the same author has two or more citations with the same
year, distinguish them with lowercase letters.
Example: (Brueggemann 2000a, 2000b)
- Indent
the second and subsequent lines of references. (This recommendation
is not followed in the reference list above because of display
limitations of Web sites.)
- Double
space text, including indented quotations and reference
lists. (To save space, this recommendation is not followed
on this Web page.)
- For
references not covered by examples on this Web page, see
the ASA's Style Guide (1997:33-37).
- Look
at examples of citations and reference lists in a major
sociology journal such as the American Sociological Review.
You'll catch on fast if you follow examples.
- Reminder:
Disciplines are subcultures that vary in style, so the formats
used in sociology differ from formats used in LS 1, in psychology,
or by the MLA. When in sociology, do as the sociologists
do.
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