Basic Auditory Functions
Demonstrations (Direct Links)
Demonstration 10.1 The Missing Fundamental
Demonstration 10.2 Context and Loudness
Demonstration 10.3 Relationship Between Frequency and Loudness
Demonstration 10.4 Auditory Beats
Before You Start
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Background: Early Theories of Pitch Perception
Developments in Place Theory
Developments in Temporal Theory
How Do We Hear Pitch?
The Complex Relationship between Frequency and Pitch
Measuring Pitch
How Do We Perceive Loudness?
The Complex Relationship between Amplitude and Loudness
Intensity Discrimination
Measuring Loudness
Sources of Information for Sound Localization
• Physics Today on the Web has an article about auditory localization.
Physiological Basis of Auditory Localization
Measuring Localization Accuracy
Auditory Localization Without Binaural Cues
Nonhuman Localizing Abilities
• Link - You can learn a lot more about bats (videos, pictures, sounds) at the following sites:
Bat Conservation International (Merlin Tuttle)
USGS Western Ecological Research Center
Wildlife Online
Australian Museum
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
Batbox (mainly links)
Integrating Vision and Auditory Localization
Perception of Simultaneous Sounds
Perception of Tone Combinations
Masking
Noise
• Link - OSHA noise guidelines
Link - The Acoustical Society of America maintains a site with useful information, publications, and resources (e.g., listen to a whale call). The best resource they provide is a CD of auditory demonstrations from the more basic (e.g., loudness scaling, interrelationship of pitch and intensity) to the more esoteric (e.g., missing fundamental, Shepard tones, Deutsch's music illusion).
Link - Albert Bregman's Lab page is a useful site, especially regarding Auditory Stream Analysis. Bregman and Ahad have produced a 62-min CD (Demonstrations of Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound) that is available from the site. You can even listen to samples of some of the auditory demonstrations directly from the site.
Link - The vOICe site illustrates one possible auditory assistive device for people who have visual impairments.
Link - Echolocation in humans...Ben Underwood video.
Link - Bat Bombers--an aborted attempt to use bats for military purposes.
Bregman, A. (1990). Auditory Scene Analysis: The perceptual organization of sound. MIT Press.
Cook, P. R. (Ed.) (1999) Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustics. Cambridge, MA: MIT. (With CD of demos)
Middlebrooks, J. C. & Green, D. M. (1991). Sound localization by human listeners. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 135-159.
Neuhoff, J. (2004). Ecological psychoacoustics. Academic Press.
Plack, C. J. (2005). The sense of hearing. Erlbaum.
Yost, W. A. (2006). Fundamentals of hearing, 5th Ed. Academic Press.
