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History 361H |
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Spring 2001 |
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Prof. J. Dym |
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Its government |
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Spanish officials; secular & religious |
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Its communications |
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Poor:
difficult terrain; little infrastructure |
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Its people |
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Ethnic & class divisions |
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Indian, Mestizo/Mulatto, White; elite; artisan;
indentured labor |
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Its economy |
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Agricultural: indigo; cacao; livestock, some
silver, sugar, cotton |
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16th Century |
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Conquistadors & their SPANISH partners
(Seville) |
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17th Century |
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Rise of the CREOLES : some merchants; mainly
farming |
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18th Century |
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New wave of Spanish IMMIGRANTS who married into
the local elite and whose sons & daughters would form the nucleus of
independent Central America’s generals, politicians & leaders
(Aycinena, Arzú, Barrundia, etc); also UPWARDLY MOBILE CASTES seeking
professional posts |
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Bourbon Reforms– Spain resumes direct control of
government in most areas; Creoles lose access to certain posts |
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Bourbon Reforms—Spain begins to collect taxes
long ignored on commerce; as a result, Indians pay less (tribute declines)
and Creoles & castes pay more tax, and resent it |
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International Trade—Declines in Central
America. Competitors produce less
work-intensive and less expensive indigos, sugars, & silver |
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Napoleon invades Spain (1808) leading to a
constitutional monarchy (1812); rejection of the constitution by King
Ferdinand VII (1814) sets off some independence movements and heats up
others |
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Napoleon’s Invasion |
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1808-1810 |
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Abdication of Spanish King |
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Spain:
Regency/Juntas |
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Americas: Juntas/debate on independence |
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1810-1812-Cortes of Cádiz |
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Parliament of Spanish Peninsula & Colonies |
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Issue of Representation |
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Issue of Citizenship |
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Spaniards (civil category); citizens (pol.
Category) |
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African heritage disqualified individuals for
citizenship, although they had the rights/obligations of a Spaniard |
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1808-1812 |
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Active participation by city councils |
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Election of representatives to Spanish Cortes |
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José María Peynado, author, Guate. City Council
instructions to its representative |
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Reps: Antonio Larrazabal (Gu); Francisco Morejón
(Ho), Florencio Castillo (CR), Mariano Robles (Chiapas): priests, lawyers |
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Regional/local revolts, seeking autonomy and/or
independence (San Salvador, 1811; Tegucigalpa, 1812; Granada & Léon
(Nic.), 1812) |
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1812-1814 |
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Active participation by city councils in
establishment of elective “Constitutional Councils” |
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Size: 1000 (later 200) residents; not caste |
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Similar resp. to colonial city council, but lose
admin. of justice |
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Including in Indian, Caste & Mulatto towns |
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Need to PROVE caste heritage to exclude from
rts. |
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See the beginnings of conflict in towns w/
Indian & “ladino” residents |
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Establishment of Provincial Deputations (Gu,
Nic) |
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Comayagua (Honduras) wanted one |
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Precursor: national congresses |
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1814
Abrogation of the Spanish Constitution (1812) |
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Arrest of “liberal” deputies to the Cortes,
including C.A. rep. Antonio Larrazábal (priest) |
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Ends Constitutional City Councils, Provincial
Deputations |
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1814-1817: Captain General José de Bustamante |
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“Reign of Terror” according to historians |
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Punishes those who were too “independent” during 1812-1814 |
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Kept the peace until 1817. No real outbreaks of independence or
autonomy movements under his governorship, despite turmoil in rest of South
America |
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1817-1821: Jacobo URRUTIA & Gabino GAINZA |
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Nicolas, Vicente & Manuel Aguilar |
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-El Salvador- |
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Mariano Aycinena y Piñol, Guatemala |
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President, Guatemala, 1827-1829; Guatemala City
Council; Deputy, Guatemalan Congress, 1820s, 1840s |
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Juan José Aycinena y Piñol, Guatemala, priest |
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Antonio Rivera Cabezas, |
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Guatemala,
lawyer |
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City Councilor; Deputy to Mexican, Central
American & Guatemalan Congresses, President, 1823; 1830-1831; Federal
Sec. Of Finance, 1832-1837; judge & governor, Guatemala |
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José Simeon Cañas, |
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El Salvador, Federation |
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José Matías Delgado, |
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El Salvador & new bishopric for El Salvador |
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Dionisio de Herrera, Honduras (president,
1824-1827) |
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Justo José Herrera, Honduras (president,
1837-1838); also deputy to Honduran congress |
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Santiago Bueso , Honduras (VP, 1852-1855;
Interim President, 1855; 1821, Tegucigalpa City Council (signs decl. Ind);
Deputy, Ho. Congress, 1825; 1827; 1838; Judge in various state courts,
1830s-1850s) |
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Monico Bueso, Honduras (Deputy to Congress,
1838-9; Council of Ministers & interim President, 1839; Minister of
Foreign Affairs, 1839-1840) |
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Juan Lindo, Honduras (president, 1847-1852) |
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Tegucigalpa, city council notary, 1820s |
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Deputy to Mexican Congress (1822); Honduran
Congress (1825-1829; 1830-31; 1838); Governor (Gracias), 1839-1840, etc. |
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Francisco Morazán, |
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Honduras (president, 1827- |
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1828/1829-1830) |
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Federation (president, 1830-1839) |
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El Salvador (president, 1839-1840) |
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Notes