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History 361H |
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Spring 2001 |
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Prof. J. Dym |
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Its government |
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Its communications |
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Its people |
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Its economy |
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A society of Class & Caste |
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Class-economic distinctions |
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Caste—ethnic distinctions |
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A society of Class & Caste |
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Class--economic distinctions |
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Elite: Landowner, Merchant, Cleric,
Attorney, Doctor, Spanish Official |
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“Middle Classes”: shopowner, master artisan;
bureaucrat |
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Laboring Classes: Indian tributary (encomienda;
repartimiento); day-laborer (jornalero); miner; servant; slave |
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Caste—ethnic distinctions |
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Two Republics: Spanish & Indian |
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Africans (conquistadors, slaves & workers) |
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Descendants of the three groups |
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Mestizos: mix of Indian & Spanish |
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Mulatto/Pardo: mix of Spanish &
African |
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Ladino:
Hispanized mestizo or mulatto |
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Principal Indian Groups |
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Guatemala: Maya, Quiché, Cakchiquel |
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El Salvador: |
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Nicaragua: Matagalpas, Misquitos, Sumus, Ramas |
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Honduras: Lenca |
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Costa Rica: Talamanca |
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De español e India, mestiza |
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(Mexico, 18th c.) |
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De |
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Español |
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y |
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Mestiza, |
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Castiza |
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(Mexico, |
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Mangon, c. 1770) |
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Español |
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y |
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Negra, |
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Mulata |
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(Mexico, |
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18th c.) |
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De Española |
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y |
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Negro, |
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Mulato |
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(Mexico, ca. |
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1780) |
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De Indio |
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y |
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Albarazada, |
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Chamizo |
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(Mexico, |
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ca. 1780) |
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De Sambaigo |
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y |
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Mulata, |
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Calpamulata |
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(Mexico, |
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ca. 1780) |
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16th Century |
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Cacao-- Sonsonate (Cacao used as
currency, CR indians) |
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Livestock—Honduras, Nicaragua |
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Silver Mines-Tegucigalpa |
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17th Century |
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Cacao-Costa Rica |
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Cattle Ranching-Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras (local trade); C. Rica (Panamá) |
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Indigo --Guatemala, El Salvador (SV),
Nicaragua |
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18th Century |
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Cacao Gold Silver—Honduras (Tegucigalpa) |
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Cochineal (Red Dye) |
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Livestock, leather goods, Tallow Candles |
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Cotton, yarn, wool, Indian textiles, straw hats |
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Foodstuffs: Corn, wheat, rice, cocoa, cheeses,
beans, fruits & vegetables, sugar, salt, tobacco |
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16th Century |
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Conquistadors & their SPANISH partners
(Seville) |
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17th Century |
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Rise of the CREOLES : some merchants; mainly
farming |
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18th Century |
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New wave of Spanish IMMIGRANTS who married into
the local elite and whose sons & daughters would form the nucleus of
independent Central America’s generals, politicians & leaders
(Aycinena, Arzú, Barrundia, etc); also UPWARDLY MOBILE CASTES seeking
professional posts |
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Bourbon Reforms– Spain resumes direct control of
government in most areas; Creoles lose access to certain posts |
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Bourbon Reforms—Spain begins to collect taxes
long ignored on commerce; as a result, Indians pay less (tribute declines)
and Creoles & castes pay more tax, and resent it |
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International Trade—Declines in Central
America. Competitors produce less
work-intensive and less expensive indigos, sugars, & silver |
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Napoleon invades Spain (1808) leading to a
constitutional monarchy (1812); rejection of the constitution by King
Ferdinand VII (1814) sets off some independence movements and heats up
others |
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The Kingdom of Guatemala, the heart of
independent Central America comprised 6 provinces |
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Guatemala, Chiapas, Nicaragua, San Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica |
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Residents of the KOG were divided by ethnicity
(caste) |
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Spaniard, Creole, Mestizo, Ladino, Mulatto,
Indian, Black (Negro) |
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An economic backwater, the region produced
mostly agricultural products & some minerals (silver, indigo, cocoa) |
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Under the Bourbons, the territory we know as
Central America took firm shape (5 countries & Chiapas; Belize &
Panamá?) |
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The 18th century brought a number of
families who continue to influence politics |
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United States Secretary of State Madeleine
Albright, left, talks with Guatemalan President Alvaro Arzu, at the
president's private ranch near Escuintla, Guatemala, Sunday May 4, 1997.
Albright's visit to Guatemala is to congratulate the Guatemalan government
on the recent successful demobilization of the ex-rebels which concluded
May 2, 1997. (AP Photo/Scott Sady) |
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The Aycinenas –20th century |
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1944: Lawyer & Minister of Gv’t; Sec. to
President |
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http://click.hotbot.com/director.asp?id=3&target=http://www.wepa.com.gt/mln/h.html&query=aycinena+guatemala&rsource=LCOSWFW |
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1983: President, CACIF, Comité Coordinador de
Asociaciones Agrícolas, Comerciales, Industriales y Financieras (CACIF) de
Guatemala. |
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http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Guatemala83sp/introduccion.htm |
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1993: Banker |
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http://www.stile.lboro.ac.uk/~gyedb/STILE/Email0002037/m17.html |
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2000: Travel Agent |
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http://www.viajes-venezuela.com/Visit-USA/memguate.htm |
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A good introduction to the colonial history of
Central America can be found in either: |
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R. Lee Woodward Jr., Central America: A Nation
Divided |
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Hector Pérez-Brignoli, A Brief History of
Central America |
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In Spanish, the 6-volume series, Historia
General de Centroamérica has 2 volumes with essays & illustrations on
the Kingdom of Guatemala |
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Notes