The Music of the Beatles
MU 345 | Spring 2012
Sources
[In development: 10 January, 2012 ]
Core Sources. Information about Beatles songwriting and recording is scattered over a variety of sources. Purchasing all of them could prove daunting for all but the dedicated researcher. For the purposes of this seminar, we will work with transcriptions of the recordings available from Hal Leonard Corporation and Walter Everett's two volumes of analysis.
The Beatles. The Beatles Complete Scores (transcribed and edited by Tetsuya Fujita, Yuki Hagino, Hamime Kubo, and Goro Sato). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 1989.
Neither the Beatles nor the producers and music directors with whom they worked did not publish their music in score form. Hal Leonard Corp. addressed that situation by paying Fujita, Hagino, Kubo, and Sato to painstakingly listen to every Beatles recording and transcribe the what they heard into notation. The notations are not perfect, but they provide an important starting point for discerning the musical details.
Everett, Walter. The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
——. The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Everett heads the music theory program of the University of Michigan's School of Music and is a widely recognized scholar on the music of the Beatles. These two volumes provide ample analysis of the Beatles repertoire and of material that he argues influenced the Beatles. They also represent the first truly examples of serious academic scholarship on this repertoire.

Supporting Sources (Scribner Library). You will find several other sources invaluable in researching how Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went about writing, arranging, and rehearsing songs, and how George Martin and others went about capturing and transforming these sounds.
Babiuk, Andy.  2001.  Beatles Gear.  San Francisco: Backbeat Books.
Babiuk has devoted considerable attention to the various instruments the Beatles used in the recording studio and on the road. Beatles Gear will provide you with more information about the instruments they used than you might have known existed.
The Beatles. The Beatles Anthology (edited by Brian Roylance, Julian Quance, Oliver Craske, and Roman Milisic). San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
The editorial team that put the Anthology together sifted through hundreds of interviews and then had McCartney, Harrison, and Starr supplement these with their own interviews. Very often, the editors have pieced together interviews from different years (indicated by the year in a square bracket) in an attempt to create an interview that might have happened. Simply be aware that the interview bits are almost always out-of-context.
Lewisohn, Mark. The Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Abbey Road Studio Session Notes, 1962-1970. New York: Harmony Books, 1988.
——. The Complete Beatles Chronicle. New York: Hamlyn Books, 1992.
Lewisohn has had unparalleled access to Beatles files and recordings and his three-volume history of the band (the first volume of which is expected sometime in 2012) will be a landmark study on the subject. The two books mentioned here provide considerable detail on the Beatles' work in the studio and their day-to-day schedules, including numerous interviews with musicians and engineers.
Martin, George with Jeremy Hornsby.  All You Need Is Ears.  New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979. 
Martin, George with William Pearson.  With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt. Pepper.  Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1994. 
As the Beatles' producer, George Martin has considerable understanding of what happened in the studio making his books important places to consult when trying to understand that part of the process. The two books mentioned here derive from interviews with two authors who have then converted the information into book formats and given Martin lead authorship.
Miles, Barry.  Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now.  New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997.
——.  The Beatles: A Diary (Chris Charlesworth, editor).  London: Omnibus Press, 1998. 
Barry Miles was one of the owners of the Indica Book Shop where the Beatles sometimes gathered to find the most interesting latest publication. His book with Paul McCartney is the musician's unofficial official take on the songs he, Lennon, and Harrison wrote. The book serves as an important source on McCartney's thinking about this repertoire; but his memory may also play the occasional trick with him as well. Often, McCartney is responding to statements that Lennon made in his interviews with David Sheff. (See below.) The Diary serves as an alternative to Lewisohn's Chronicle with sometimes different dates and additional information.
Pollack, Alan. Notes On... http://www.recmusicbeatles.com/public/files/awp/awp.html (accessed January 2012), 1996.
Pollack provides a straight, old-fashioned musical analysis of the songs as recorded and presents his findings in direct prose. You may disagree with his analysis, but his analysis can provide a point of departure for your own findings.
Ryan, Kevin and Brian Kehew. Recording the Beatles: The Studio Equipment and Techniques Used to Create Their Classic Albums. Curvebender Publishing, 2006.
Ryan and Kehew's exhaustively researched book has information you probably didn't know existed. Want to know what kind of compressor George Martin used on a recording in 1966? This is your book. They also have had access to George Martin's calendar and notes so they have been able to reconstruct some of the recording sessions in great detail.
Sheff, David.  The Playboy Interviews with John Lennon and Yoko Ono (G. Barry Golson, editor).  New York: Playboy Press, 1981.
——.  All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono.  New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2000. 
Sheff and Golson conducted a major set of interviews with John Lennon and Yoko Ono shortly before Lennon's assassination in 1980. The original edited version appeared in Playboy; but subsequently, longer unabridged versions have appeared. Unfortunately, they are unindexed so you have to read through much of the books to find the information you want, but the books are also relatively short.
Wenner, Jann.  1970.  Lennon Remembers: The Rolling Stone Interviews.  San Francisco: Straight Arrow.
The Rolling Stone interviews from 1970 capture Lennon at his most spiteful as regards McCartney and the Beatles; but his memory is also very fresh in terms of the songs they wrote and the recordings they made.

Other Sources. A plethora of books on the Beatles is available. Below are just some of the useful sources you might consider consulting for your presentations. These books, as well as the sources listed above, should be in Scribner Library on reserve. Contact me if they are missing.
Badman, Keith.  The Beatles off the Record: Outrageous Opinions and Unrehearsed Interviews.  London: Omnibus Press, 2000. 
Barrow, Tony.  John, Paul, George, Ringo, & Me: The Real Beatles Story.  New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2005. 
Bramwell, Tony with Rosemary Kingsland.  Magical Mystery Tours: My Life with the Beatles.  New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Press, 2005. 
Brown, Peter and Steven Gaines. The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles. New York: New American Library, 2002.
Clayson, Alan.  The Quiet One: A Life of George Harrison.  Cambridge: Black Bear Press, 1996. 
Coleman, Ray.  Lennon: The Definitive Biography.  London: Pan Books, 1995. 
Davies, Hunter.  The Beatles: The Authorized Biography.  New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 
Emerick, Geoff with Howard Massey.  Here, There, and Everywhere: My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles.  New York: Gotham Books, 2006.
Frontani, Michael R.  The Beatles: Image and the Media.  Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007. 
Giuliano, Geoffrey and Vrnda Devi. The Lost Beatles Interviews. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002.
Norman, Philip.  Shout!  The Beatles and Their Generation.  New York: MJF Books, 1981. 
——.  John Lennon: The Life.  New York: Ecco, 2008.  
Pritchard, David and Alan Lysaght. The Beatles: An Oral History. New York: Hyperion, 1998.
Thompson, Gordon.  Please Please Me: Sixties British Pop, Inside Out.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 
Unterberger, Richie.  The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film.  San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006. 

 
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