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- 641 C.E.
- The Tibetan King Songsten Gampo married a Chinese princess thus making
an alliance with China.
*China puts a lot of emphasis on this
as being a time when close political, economic and cultural ties were
made, signifying the beginning of the move towards unity.
**What China doesn't mention is that at
the same time Songsten Gampo also married a Nepalese princess, securing
an alliance with that country as well. Nepal is an internationally recognized
sovereign state, which disprooves that this event can be used to claim
that it began to erode the independent nature of Tibet.
When Gampo died that the alliance ended.
700s- China lost a war to Tibet and had to pay tribute.
FROM THE TIBET GOVERNMENT IN EXILE
- 821
- Peace treaty between Tibet and China inscribed in three stone pillars,
one in each nation's capital, and one on the border.
"Tibet and China shall abide by the frontiers of which they are now
in occupation. All to the east is the country of great China: and
all to the west is, without question, the country of great Tibet.
Henceforth, on neither side shall there be waging a war nor seizing
a territory."
*Not mentioned in the Chinese government
website
*Although Tibet has had influence from
China up until the 1300s Tibet got most of its influence from India.
The following events are the ones that China interprets as marking the
point when Tibet became an inseperable part of China, and remained so
until present.
- 1300s
- Tibet was incorporated into the large empire of the Yuan dynasty.
This was the ruling dynasty of the Chinese nation, but it was a Mongolian
dynasty. The Mongolians invaded China, and forcibly made it a part of
the empire of Ghengis Khan, which at one point includded almost all
of Asia, which is now made up of several independent countries that
are obviously not a part of China. Although the Yuan dynasty was eventually
much smaller, still including China and Tibet, it was still not a Chinese
dynasty.
Tibetan claims:
The Tibetans say that they made an agreement
with the Mongolians to keep them from taking complete control of Tibet.
They also say that Tibet broke away from the Yuan dynasty before the
Chinese overthrew it, and that the following Ming dynasty(1368-1644)
had few ties and no authority over Tibet.
*American encycolpedia resources don't
metion any Chinese control over Tibet until the 18th century during
the Manchu dominated Qing dynasty.
- 1717,1719
- Chinese successfully sent military expeditions into Tibet, and a Chinese
military garrisson was established in Lhasa.
-
- ACCORDING TO A PRO TIBETAN WEBSITE
- The Manchu rulers embraced Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama became
the emperor's guide, and in return accepeted patronage and protection.
- 1720-1792
-
There was some influence by Manchu emperors by sending imperial troops
into Tibet to protect it from invasion and internal stife.
*Definitely interpreted to make all
Chinese influence on Tibet to seem as minimal as possible.
Manchu emperors did send representatives
to Lhasa. To this day the Tibetans insist they were diplomats, while
the Chinese insist that they were supervisors.
- 1800s
- China's control of Tibet loosened, and Tibet began acting a lot more
independently. Tibet fought wars with Jammu and Nepal, and China was
just an observer.
Britain, from its base in India, tried
to gain influence in Tibet in the late 19th century, but Tibet tried
to isolate itself.
1904- The British sent a military force to Lhasa. Britain was able to get
Tibet to end its isolation. When Britain softened its demands towards
Tibet the Manchu government tried to regain their control over Tibet.
1906-1910-
-
Chinese armies were sent into Tibet to try reassert their control,
and reached Lhasa. The 13th Dalai Lama fled to India.
- 1911
- The Manchu dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the Republic of
China. At this time the Tibetans began reasserting their independence
and started expelling all Chinese officials and troops.
1912- The Dalai Lama returned.
1913- Last Chinese officials and troops were expelled. The Dalai Lama declared
that Tibet was independent. (Encyclopedia Americana) This was not recognized
by the new Chinese government, which layed claim to all lands of the
former empire.
*China says that Tibet was never an independent
country during this period. They claim that they actually strengthened
their administration over Tibet by by setting up the Bureau of Mongolian
and Tibetan affairs.
At this time the Chinese government was
very weak, and often did not have control over most of the lands inside
the territory they claimed, where Chinese culture was predominant.
*China says that any moves sounding like
they were independence moves were western imperialist schemes of the
British to expand their sphere of influence.
1913- Representatives from Britain and Tibet and China met in Simla India
to discuss the status of Tibet. There was an agreement that there would
be an Inner Tibet, that would be integrated into China proper, and an
outer Tibet, that China would have suzerainty over, meaning they would
have control over foreign affairs. However, China never ratified this
agreement, because they did not want to compromise their land claims.
Although it was not ratified, the same basic principles that made up
the concept of suzerainty would be used in future negotiations over
the status of Tibet.
1918- There was an armed conflict in eastern Tibet with China, but Britain
helped to negotiate a truce.
*China says that during this time period
not a single country recognized Tibetan independence.
However, most of the countries surrounding
Tibet sent diplomats to Lhasa. When Nepal petitioned to join the United
Nations they stated that they had kept active diplomatic ties to a Tibet
that operated independently.
The International Court of Justice stated
that between 1911 and 1950 Tibet had fulfilled all the requirements
to be considered as operating as a sovereign state.
In 1950 the UN delegate from the Philippines
said "it is clear that on the eve of the invasion 1950, that Tibet was
not under the rule of any foreign country".
October 1, 1949- Communists established the People's Republic of China.
October 1950- Communist troops overan the garisson in Amdo, in eastern Tibet.
1951- The Chinese army reached Lhasa and the government capitulated and
a agreement was made to let the Tibetan government maintain most control
over internal affairs while China took care of international affairs
and defense, which were the same ideas that were proposed in the negotiations
for suxerainty 38 years later.
There is however evidence that China was
already planning to subvert Tibet.
1953- There was reportedly a purge of anti-Chinese officials. China wanted
to eventually implement their definition of socialist reconstruction.
1956- Protests broke out eastern Tibet, where China was trying to make the
land part of Sichuan province.
1959 - There was full rebellion in Lhasa, and the Dalai Lama fled to India.
*Chinese website says that this was completely
American planned, based on evidence that the CIA helped train rebels
and ship arms into Tibet.
The Dalai Lama was replaced with a more
pro-Chinese Tibetan.
1965- China replaced Tibet's theocratic government, and made the area an
"Autonomous Region". Soon this region suffered from the Cultural Revolution
as much as any of the others.
1980- The government said that mistakes had been made in governing Tibet,
and that reforms would be introduced.
1980s- Rioting with discontent at the slow pace of reforms. Protests were
suppressed, and prisoners were tortured.
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