Why did the Romans Persecute the Christians?

Primary Sources

LR II 167-173 (167 available on line as Pliny, Letters 10. 96-97)

Tacitus, Annals 15.38-44.

Suetonius, Claudius 25; Nero 16, 38; Domitian 10, 12, 15.

Cassius Dio 62.16-18; 67.14; 68.1.

Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 3.17-20, 33; 4B.8-17, 26; 5.1.5.

The edicts of Diocletian.


Secondary Sources

T. D. Barnes, "Legislation Against the Christians" Journal of Roman Studies 58 (1968), pp. 32-50 (basement with the periodicals).

B. W. Jones, The Emperor Domitian (Routledge 1992), pp. 114-119.

F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 31 BC-AD 337 (Cornell U. Press, 1977), pp. 551-566.

R.L. Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (Yale U. Press, 1984), pp. 48-67.


Main Questions

What is the main evidence for persecution of Christians? Focus on the period 64-222 AD, but also note the persecutions under Decius and Valerian as well as the "great persecution" under Diocletian and Valerius.

Why was there a persecution of Christians under Nero? What lasting effect on Roman practices, if any, did it have? Was there a persecution of Christians under Domitian? For what crime (in legal terms) were Christians being punished by Pliny in Bithynia? What does his letter reveal about how the Romans perceived the Christians? What extralegal reasons might there have been for viewing Christianity as a threat?

What prompted the renewed persecutions in the reign of Marcus Aurelius? What did Decius hope to accomplish? Had the demographics of the membership of the church changed in such a way that the threat appeared greater than it had in the previous century? What light do the various attempts by Roman emperors (e.g., Severus Alexander, Galerius) to ensure the support of the Christian God shed on how they perceived the Christian faith?